Grammar C1
Practice C1 grammar with scan-friendly lesson cards and the same assignment routes already in place.
Advanced Articles
A complete C1 guide to articles — zero article with abstract, proper, and institutional nouns; the with unique entities, superlatives, mountain ranges, oceans, deserts, ships; geographical naming patterns; time periods and music genres.
Cleft Sentences
A complete C1 guide to cleft sentences for emphasis and focus — it-clefts (It was X who/that…), wh-clefts (What I want is…), and All / The reason / The thing structures.
Compound Modals
A complete C1 guide to compound past modals — could have been doing, must have been done, should have been done, might have been doing, would have had to — for past speculation, deduction, regret, and counterfactual obligation.
Advanced Discourse Markers
A complete C1 guide to nuanced discourse markers — mind you, having said that, that said, as a matter of fact, come to think of it, for what it's worth, to be fair, if anything, in any case — for contrast, hedging, and attitude.
Emphasis and Fronting
A complete C1 guide to emphatic structures — topic and object fronting, emphatic do/did/does, so/such inversion, it-clefts and wh-clefts, and focusing patterns for stressing what matters.
Inversion After Negative Adverbials
A complete C1 guide to subject–auxiliary inversion after fronted negative adverbials such as Never, Hardly, Not only, Rarely, Seldom, Little, At no time, and Under no circumstances.
Inversion in Conditionals
A complete C1 guide to formal conditional inversion — Were she to…, Had I known…, and Should you need… — used as elegant, formal alternatives to if-clauses.
Participle Clauses
A complete C1 guide to participle clauses — present participle (-ing), past participle (-ed/V3), perfect participle (Having + V3), and passive participle structures used to combine ideas concisely.
Advanced Reported Speech
A complete C1 guide to reporting verbs and their patterns — suggest doing, advise + obj + to + V, accuse + obj + of + ing, deny + ing, refuse + to, threaten + to, apologize for + ing, insist on + ing, urge + obj + to + V, warn + obj + against + ing.
In Case
A complete C1 guide to in case — how to use it for possibilities, the difference between in case and if, just in case, and the in case of structure for notices and instructions.
Like and As If
A complete C1 guide to like and as if — how to describe appearances, sounds, and feelings, the difference between look + adjective and look like + clause, and the special past tense use for unreal present situations.
Unless, As Long As, and Provided
A complete C1 guide to unless, as long as, so long as, provided, and providing — how they express conditions, the difference from if, and the present tense rule for future conditions.
Future Perfect Progressive
A complete C1 guide to the future perfect progressive for actions that will continue up to a future moment. Covers form, duration phrases, and common mistakes.
Passive Causative
A complete C1 guide to passive causative structures. Covers have and get something done, causative passives with modals, and common errors.
Subjunctive
A complete C1 guide to the subjunctive for formal recommendations, requirements, and unreal situations. Covers mandative subjunctive, were for unreal conditions, and should alternatives.