Grammar catalog
All Grammar Lessons
Every grammar lesson in one place, sorted alphabetically — 103 lessons total. Open any lesson directly from the cards below.
Adjective Clauses
A complete B2 guide to adjective clauses (relative clauses). Covers defining and non-defining clauses, relative pronouns, and omission rules.
Adjective Phrases
A complete B2 guide to adjective phrases for concise descriptions. Covers participial phrases, prepositional phrases, and reduced relative clauses.
Adjectives
A complete A1 guide to adjectives — what they are, where they go in a sentence, common examples, opposites, and interactive practice.
Advanced Articles
A complete C1 guide to articles — zero article with abstract, proper, and institutional nouns; the with unique entities, superlatives, mountain ranges, oceans, deserts, ships; geographical naming patterns; time periods and music genres.
Advanced Comparison Structures
A B2 guide to parallel comparatives (the more…the more), equatives (as…as), the same as, and the difference between like and as as comparison words.
Advanced Discourse Markers
A complete C1 guide to nuanced discourse markers — mind you, having said that, that said, as a matter of fact, come to think of it, for what it's worth, to be fair, if anything, in any case — for contrast, hedging, and attitude.
Advanced Reported Speech
A complete C1 guide to reporting verbs and their patterns — suggest doing, advise + obj + to + V, accuse + obj + of + ing, deny + ing, refuse + to, threaten + to, apologize for + ing, insist on + ing, urge + obj + to + V, warn + obj + against + ing.
Adverb Clauses of Contrast
A complete B2 guide to adverb clauses of contrast. Covers although, though, even though, while, and whereas with clear examples and punctuation.
Adverb Clauses of Time
A complete B2 guide to adverb clauses of time. Covers before, after, when, while, as soon as, and until with tense patterns and common mistakes.
Adverbs of Degree
A B1 guide to adverbs of degree — very, quite, too, enough, extremely, fairly, rather, pretty, absolutely — covering position rules, the difference between gradable and ungradable adjectives, and how to choose the right modifier.
Adverbs of Frequency
Learn how to use adverbs of frequency like always, usually, sometimes, and never to talk about how often you do things.
Adverbs of Manner
A complete A2 guide to adverbs of manner - how to form them, where to place them, and how to choose between adjectives and adverbs.
Adverbs of Place
An A1 guide to adverbs of place — here, there, everywhere, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, inside, outside, upstairs, downstairs — and where they go in a sentence.
Articles
A complete A1 guide to English articles — learn when to use a, an, the, and no article with clear rules, examples, and interactive practice.
Causative Verbs
A complete B2 guide to causative verbs. Covers make, let, have, get, and help with object patterns and common mistakes.
Cleft Sentences
A complete C1 guide to cleft sentences for emphasis and focus — it-clefts (It was X who/that…), wh-clefts (What I want is…), and All / The reason / The thing structures.
Comma Rules
A complete A2 guide to using commas in English — items in a series, joining clauses with FANBOYS conjunctions, introductory phrases, non-essential information, and the most common comma mistakes.
Commonly Confused Words (Set 2)
A B2 guide to eight pairs of commonly confused English words — affect/effect, fewer/less, who/whom, lay/lie, lend/borrow, bring/take, principal/principle, and complement/compliment.
Commonly Confused Words 1
An A2 guide to six pairs of words that learners (and native speakers) often mix up — its/it's, your/you're, there/their/they're, then/than, to/too/two, and lose/loose — with quick substitution tests for each.
Comparative & Superlatives - Adjectives & Adverbs
A complete B1 guide to comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs. Covers form, irregular comparatives, and common mistakes.
Compound Modals
A complete C1 guide to compound past modals — could have been doing, must have been done, should have been done, might have been doing, would have had to — for past speculation, deduction, regret, and counterfactual obligation.
Conjunctions
A complete B1 guide to conjunctions. Covers coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, sentence linking, and punctuation rules.
Countable vs Uncountable Nouns
A complete A2 guide to countable and uncountable nouns, including a/an, some/any, much/many, quantity phrases, and common noun meaning changes.
Dash and Hyphen
A B2 guide to three marks that look similar but do different jobs — the hyphen for joining words and compound modifiers, the en dash for ranges, and the em dash for parenthetical breaks and emphasis.
Defining vs. Non-Defining Relative Clauses
A B1 guide to the two kinds of relative clauses — defining (essential information, no commas) and non-defining (extra information, with commas) — including when you can use that, when you cannot, and when you can leave the relative pronoun out.
Direct & Reported Speech
A complete B2 guide to direct and reported speech. Covers tense backshift, pronoun changes, time expression shifts, and reporting verbs.
Embedded Questions
A complete B2 guide to embedded questions. Covers question word order, if and whether clauses, and common errors with reported questions.
Emphasis and Fronting
A complete C1 guide to emphatic structures — topic and object fronting, emphatic do/did/does, so/such inversion, it-clefts and wh-clefts, and focusing patterns for stressing what matters.
Equative, Comparative, and Superlative Adjectives
A complete A2 guide to comparing with as...as, comparative adjectives, superlative adjectives, spelling rules, and irregular forms.
First Conditional
B1 grammar lesson on the first conditional for real future possibilities.
Future Perfect
A complete B2 guide to the future perfect for actions that will be complete before a future time. Covers form, common time expressions, and contrast with the future progressive.
Future Perfect Progressive
A complete C1 guide to the future perfect progressive for actions that will continue up to a future moment. Covers form, duration phrases, and common mistakes.
Future Progressive
A complete B2 guide to the future progressive for actions in progress at a future time. Covers form, time markers, and polite question forms.
Gerunds & Infinitives
A complete B1 guide to gerunds and infinitives. Covers verb patterns, verbs followed by -ing or to, and common mistakes.
Going to vs. Will
A clear A2 guide to choosing between "going to" and "will" for plans, predictions, decisions, offers, and promises.
Have and Have Got
An A1 guide to "have" vs. "have got" for possession, family, and characteristics — affirmative, negative, and question forms, with the differences between American and British English.
I Wish and If Only
A B1 guide to wishes and regrets — using I wish and if only to talk about present situations you want to change, future behaviour you find annoying, and a brief look at past regrets.
Imperatives
An A1 guide to the imperative form — how to give commands, instructions, warnings, advice, and suggestions in English, including affirmative and negative forms and the let's structure.
In Case
A complete C1 guide to in case — how to use it for possibilities, the difference between in case and if, just in case, and the in case of structure for notices and instructions.
Introduction to Phrasal Verbs
A complete B1 guide to understanding phrasal verbs — what they are, how they work, common examples, and the rules for using objects with them.
Inversion After Negative Adverbials
A complete C1 guide to subject–auxiliary inversion after fronted negative adverbials such as Never, Hardly, Not only, Rarely, Seldom, Little, At no time, and Under no circumstances.
Inversion in Conditionals
A complete C1 guide to formal conditional inversion — Were she to…, Had I known…, and Should you need… — used as elegant, formal alternatives to if-clauses.
Like and As If
A complete C1 guide to like and as if — how to describe appearances, sounds, and feelings, the difference between look + adjective and look like + clause, and the special past tense use for unreal present situations.
Linking Words
A B1 guide to linking words for contrast, reason, and result — however, although, despite, in spite of, because, so, therefore, and nevertheless — including position rules and punctuation.
Mixed Conditionals
A B2 guide to mixing conditional types — past condition with present result, and present condition with past result — when the time of the cause and the time of the effect do not match.
Modals of Ability: Can and Could
A complete A2 guide to can and could for present and past ability, including negatives, questions, short answers, and able to.
Modals of Advice
A complete B1 guide to modals of advice. Covers should, ought to, had better, and their differences in strength and formality.
Modals of Necessity & Obligation
A complete B1 guide to modals of necessity and obligation. Covers must, have to, need to, and their differences in meaning and usage.
Modals of Possibility
A complete B1 guide to modals of possibility. Covers may, might, could, and their uses for present and future possibility.
Much, Many, A Lot Of
An A2 guide to the most common quantifiers — much, many, a lot of, lots of, plenty of — plus a quick contrast of a few and a little, with rules on countable vs. uncountable nouns and register.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses
A B2 guide to non-defining relative clauses — the comma rules, why 'that' is forbidden, formal of which / of whom patterns, and using 'which' to refer to a whole clause.
Noun Clauses
A B2 guide to noun clauses — using what, whether, if, that, and indirect questions as subjects and objects, with attention to word order when questions are embedded.
Object Pronouns
An A1 guide to English object pronouns — me, you, him, her, it, us, them — and where they go in a sentence after verbs and prepositions.
Parentheses and Brackets
A B2 guide to enclosing marks — round parentheses for asides and clarifications, square brackets for editorial insertions inside quotations, and how to handle punctuation around them.
Participle Clauses
A complete C1 guide to participle clauses — present participle (-ing), past participle (-ed/V3), perfect participle (Having + V3), and passive participle structures used to combine ideas concisely.
Parts of Speech
Learn eight common parts of speech — nouns, pronouns, verbs, articles, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions — and how they work together to build sentences.
Passive Causative
A complete C1 guide to passive causative structures. Covers have and get something done, causative passives with modals, and common errors.
Passive Voice
A complete B1 guide to passive voice in present, past, present perfect, continuous, modal, and infinitive forms.
Passive with Reporting Verbs
A B2 guide to impersonal passive structures — It is said that…, He is said to be…, They are believed to have… — used to report rumours, beliefs, and shared knowledge in journalistic and academic English.
Past Perfect
A complete B2 guide to the past perfect for actions completed before another past moment. Covers form, time expressions, and contrast with the simple past.
Past Perfect Progressive
A complete B2 guide to the past perfect progressive for activities continuing before a past event. Covers form, duration, and contrast with the past perfect simple.
Past Progressive
A complete B1 guide to the past progressive for actions in progress, interrupted actions, while and when clauses, and contrast with the simple past.
Past Tense Modals
A complete B2 guide to past tense modals. Covers could have, should have, would have, might have, and must have for past speculation and regrets.
Phrasal Verbs — Take, Get, Make, Look
A B1 guide to high-frequency phrasal verbs grouped by main verb — take off/up/over/back/after, get up/along/over/by/away, make up/out/up for, and look up/after/forward to/into — with separable vs. inseparable rules and clear examples.
Phrasal Verbs with In, Out, On, and Off
A practical B1 guide to common phrasal verbs with in, out, on, and off — from everyday actions like turning lights on and off to expressions like eating out and setting off.
Phrasal Verbs with Up and Down
A practical B2 guide to phrasal verbs with up and down — covering physical movement, reducing quantities, stopping working, and common social expressions like letting someone down.
Possessive 's
An A1 guide to showing possession in English — 's with singular and plural nouns, the of-construction for things, and possessive determiners (my, your, his, her, its, our, their).
Possessive Pronouns
An A2 guide to possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs) and how they differ from possessive determiners like my, your, his, her.
Prepositions of Direction
A complete A2 guide to prepositions of direction and movement, including to, into, out of, across, through, over, under, up, down, around, past, toward, onto, and off.
Prepositions of Place
Learn common prepositions of place in English. Understand how to describe where things and people are located using in, on, under, next to, between, and more.
Prepositions of Time
Learn how to use at, on, and in to talk about time. Covers clock times, days, dates, months, years, seasons, and common expressions.
Prepositions of Time — Deeper
An A2 guide that goes beyond basic at/in/on — how to use for, since, during, until, by, from…to, and ago to talk about durations, deadlines, and ranges of time.
Present Perfect
A complete B1 guide to the present perfect for present results, life experience, unfinished time periods, just, already, yet, for, since, and contrast with the simple past.
Present Perfect Progressive
A complete B2 guide to the present perfect progressive for recent activities. Covers form, for and since, and contrast with the present perfect simple.
Present Progressive
Learn how to use the present progressive tense for actions happening right now. Covers form, spelling rules, time markers, and common mistakes.
Pronouns
Learn subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive adjectives, and possessive pronouns. Practice replacing nouns with the correct pronoun forms.
Punctuation Overview
An A2 introduction to English punctuation — end marks (period, question mark, exclamation mark), capitalization rules, and what each mark does in a sentence.
Quantifiers
A complete A2 guide to common quantifiers including some, any, much, many, a few, a little, a lot of, all, most, no, and none.
Quotation Marks
A B1 guide to quotation marks — how to punctuate direct speech, when to use double vs. single quotes, US vs. UK conventions, nesting quotes inside quotes, and using quotation marks for titles and scare quotes.
Reflexive Pronouns
An A2 guide to reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) — when the subject and object are the same, and how to use "by myself" to mean alone.
Relative Pronouns
A B1 guide to relative pronouns — who, which, that, whose, where — and how to use them in defining relative clauses to give essential information about people, things, and places.
Second Conditional
B1 grammar lesson on the second conditional for present and future unreal situations.
Semicolon and Colon
A B2 guide to two of English's most misunderstood marks — the semicolon for joining related independent clauses and complex lists, and the colon for introducing lists, explanations, and quotations.
Simple Future
A complete A2 guide to simple future forms with will and be going to for decisions, predictions, offers, promises, and plans.
Simple Past
A complete A2 guide to the simple past for finished past actions, including regular verbs, irregular verbs, be, negatives, questions, and time markers.
Simple Present
Learn how to use the simple present tense for habits, routines, facts, and schedules. Covers verb formation, time markers, and questions with do/does.
Simple Present – Be
Learn how to use the verb be (am, is, are) in the simple present tense. Covers positive sentences, contractions, negatives, questions, and short answers.
Singular & Plural Nouns
Learn how to form singular and plural nouns in English. Covers common and proper nouns, regular plural rules, irregular plurals, and pronunciation.
So and Such
A complete B1 guide to so and such — how to use them for emphasis, the difference between so + adjective and such + noun, and common patterns like so...that and such...that.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Learn the basic rules of subject-verb agreement. Match singular subjects with singular verbs and plural subjects with plural verbs, including common exceptions.
Subjunctive
A complete C1 guide to the subjunctive for formal recommendations, requirements, and unreal situations. Covers mandative subjunctive, were for unreal conditions, and should alternatives.
Tag Questions
A complete B1 guide to tag questions with auxiliary verbs, positive and negative tags, special cases, and meaning through intonation.
The Apostrophe
A complete A2 guide to the apostrophe — how to form contractions, show possession with singular and plural nouns, and avoid common mistakes like its vs. it's and your vs. you're.
There is / There are
A complete A1 guide to "there is" and "there are" — learn how to use these expressions to say something exists, with affirmative, negative, and question forms, plus singular vs. plural agreement.
There was / There were
An A1 guide to the past form of "there is/are" — using "there was" with singular nouns and "there were" with plural nouns to describe what existed in the past, with affirmative, negative, and question forms.
Third Conditional
B2 grammar lesson on the third conditional for unreal past situations.
This, That, These, Those (Demonstratives)
An A1 guide to the four demonstratives — this, that, these, those — for pointing out things by distance and number, used both as adjectives and pronouns.
Unless, As Long As, and Provided
A complete C1 guide to unless, as long as, so long as, provided, and providing — how they express conditions, the difference from if, and the present tense rule for future conditions.
Used to
An A2 guide to "used to" for past habits and states that are no longer true, with affirmative, negative, and question forms.
Wh- Questions
Learn how to ask and answer Wh- questions in English. Covers question words, word order with be and other verbs, and common question patterns.
Wish + Past Perfect
A B2 guide to expressing regret about the past with wish + past perfect, and contrasting it with present and future wishes using past simple, would, and could.
Would Rather and Prefer
A B1 guide to expressing preferences in English with prefer, would prefer, and would rather, including the patterns I prefer X to Y, I would rather X than Y, and I would rather you didn't…
Zero Conditional
An A2 guide to the zero conditional — using "if" or "when" with the present simple to talk about facts, scientific truths, and habits that are always true.